人机互动和博弈论在相对隔离中，在彼此相对隔离三十年来发展了不同的信任理论。人机互动专注于信任模型的潜在尺寸，层，相关性和前一种，而游戏理论集中在奇异信任决策背后的心理学和策略。这两个领域都努力了解过度信任和信任校准，以及如何衡量信任期望，风险和脆弱性。本文介绍了关闭这些字段之间的差距的初始步骤。使用相互依存理论和社会心理学的见解和实验结果，这项工作开始分析大型游戏理论竞争数据集，以证明各种人类信任交互的最强预测因子是承诺和信任的相互依存导出的变量我们开发了。然后，它提出了对人类主题的第二次研究，以获得更现实的信任情景，涉及人类和人机信任。在竞争数据和我们的实验数据中，我们证明了相互依存的指标更好地捕获了博弈论所提出的理性或规范性心理推理的社会“超级”。这项工作进一步探讨了相互依存的理论 - 以其对承诺，胁迫和合作的关注 - 解决了人机信托内的许多拟议的基础构建和前所，在机器人取代人类时缩小了新的光线的关键相似之处和差异在信任互动中。

We introduce a new benchmark dataset, Placenta, for node classification in an underexplored domain: predicting microanatomical tissue structures from cell graphs in placenta histology whole slide images. This problem is uniquely challenging for graph learning for a few reasons. Cell graphs are large (>1 million nodes per image), node features are varied (64-dimensions of 11 types of cells), class labels are imbalanced (9 classes ranging from 0.21% of the data to 40.0%), and cellular communities cluster into heterogeneously distributed tissues of widely varying sizes (from 11 nodes to 44,671 nodes for a single structure). Here, we release a dataset consisting of two cell graphs from two placenta histology images totalling 2,395,747 nodes, 799,745 of which have ground truth labels. We present inductive benchmark results for 7 scalable models and show how the unique qualities of cell graphs can help drive the development of novel graph neural network architectures.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）推动对社会至关重要的工业过程，例如水处理和分配，电力和燃料网络。搜索引擎（例如Shodan）强调说，可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）经常暴露于Internet，这是安全设置的错误配置的主要原因之一。这导致了一个问题 - 为什么这些错误配置会发生，具体而言，安全控制的可用性是否起作用？迄今为止，尚未研究配置PLC安全机制的可用性。我们通过基于任务的研究和随后的半结构化访谈（n = 19）介绍了第一次调查。我们探索PLC连接配置和两个关键安全机制的可用性（即访问级别和用户管理）。我们发现使用不熟悉的标签，布局和误导性术语加剧了已经复杂的配置安全机制的过程。我们的结果揭示了对安全控制的各种看法，以及设计约束（例如，安全性和缺乏定期更新）如何（由于这种系统的长期性质），为实现现代HCI和可用性原则的实现提供了重大挑战。基于这些发现，我们提供了设计建议，以在工业环境中与IT同行提供可用的安全性。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

天文学家通常已经着手通过从头开始创建自己的表示来解决监督的机器学习问题。我们表明，经过训练的深度学习模型，可以回答每个星系动物园贴花问题问题，即学习星系的有意义的语义表示，这些语义表示对于从未训练过的新任务很有用。我们利用这些表示形式优于最近对研究大型星系样本至关重要的实际任务的方法。第一个任务是识别与查询星系相似的形态的星系。给定一个星系为人类分配了一个免费文本标签（例如“ #diffuse”），我们可以找到与大多数标签匹配该标签的星系。第二个任务是确定特定研究人员最有趣的异常。我们的方法在识别最有趣的100个异常（由Galaxy Zoo 2志愿者判断）方面是100％准确的。第三个任务是调整模型来仅使用少数新标记的星系解决新任务。与从陆地图像（ImageNet）或从头开始训练的模型相比，从我们的表示形式进行微调的模型可以更好地识别环形星系。我们用很少的新标签解决每个任务；一个（用于相似性搜索）或数百个（用于异常检测或微调）。这挑战了长期以来的观点，即深度监督方法需要新的大型标签数据集，以便在天文学中实际使用。为了帮助社区受益于我们验证的模型，我们发布了我们的微调代码Zoobot。没有先前经验的研究人员可以访问Zoobot。

我们介绍了Galaxy动物园贴花：SDSS DR8占地面积的星系中的黑色能量相机传统调查图像的详细视觉形态学分类。更深的贴花图像（R = 23.6与SDSS的r = 22.2）显示螺旋臂，弱杆和在SDSS成像中未见的潮汐功能。为了最佳利用较大的贴花图像，志愿者从一套新的答案中选择，旨在提高对合并和酒吧的敏感性。 Galaxy动物园志愿者提供750万个单独的分类超过314,000个星系。 140,000个星系收到至少30分类，足以准确测量像条状的详细的形态，其余的收到约5.所有分类都用于培训贝叶斯卷积神经网络的集合（一种最先进的深度学习方法）预测所有314,000个星系的详细形态的后海外。当衡量自信的志愿者分类时，每个问题的网络大约有99％。形态学是每个星系的基本特征;我们的人机和机器分类是理解星系如何发展的准确和详细资源。

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

We present the interpretable meta neural ordinary differential equation (iMODE) method to rapidly learn generalizable (i.e., not parameter-specific) dynamics from trajectories of multiple dynamical systems that vary in their physical parameters. The iMODE method learns meta-knowledge, the functional variations of the force field of dynamical system instances without knowing the physical parameters, by adopting a bi-level optimization framework: an outer level capturing the common force field form among studied dynamical system instances and an inner level adapting to individual system instances. A priori physical knowledge can be conveniently embedded in the neural network architecture as inductive bias, such as conservative force field and Euclidean symmetry. With the learned meta-knowledge, iMODE can model an unseen system within seconds, and inversely reveal knowledge on the physical parameters of a system, or as a Neural Gauge to "measure" the physical parameters of an unseen system with observed trajectories. We test the validity of the iMODE method on bistable, double pendulum, Van der Pol, Slinky, and reaction-diffusion systems.

While the brain connectivity network can inform the understanding and diagnosis of developmental dyslexia, its cause-effect relationships have not yet enough been examined. Employing electroencephalography signals and band-limited white noise stimulus at 4.8 Hz (prosodic-syllabic frequency), we measure the phase Granger causalities among channels to identify differences between dyslexic learners and controls, thereby proposing a method to calculate directional connectivity. As causal relationships run in both directions, we explore three scenarios, namely channels' activity as sources, as sinks, and in total. Our proposed method can be used for both classification and exploratory analysis. In all scenarios, we find confirmation of the established right-lateralized Theta sampling network anomaly, in line with the temporal sampling framework's assumption of oscillatory differences in the Theta and Gamma bands. Further, we show that this anomaly primarily occurs in the causal relationships of channels acting as sinks, where it is significantly more pronounced than when only total activity is observed. In the sink scenario, our classifier obtains 0.84 and 0.88 accuracy and 0.87 and 0.93 AUC for the Theta and Gamma bands, respectively.